Fwd: 电脑族保护视力的窍门

(2nd, Gmail->BlogSpot)

// http://www.lifebang.com/archives/273
// 原装的视力还是要保护一下地……

为革命保护视力，特别是电脑前的上班族，需要注意一下几点：

o 眼到屏幕的距离保持在六十公分以上。越远越好，如果看不清屏幕了，调大字体。
o 屏幕垂直位置在眼睛水平线下15度到50度之间。不仅对你的眼睛好，也为了你的脖子。
o 屏幕的上端离眼睛的距离最好比下端稍远一些。
o 屏幕的颜色以浅色背景配深色文字为佳。

--
"生活就是个缓慢受锤的过程，人一天天老下去，奢望也一天天消失，最后变得像挨了锤的牛一样。"

全面认识计算机启动过程

　　打开电源启动机器几乎是电脑爱好者每天必做的事情，面对屏幕上出现的一幅幅启动画面，我们一点儿也不会感到陌生，但是，计算机在显示这些启动画面时都做了些什么工作呢？相信有的朋友还不是很清楚，本文就来介绍一下从打开电源到出现Windows的蓝天白云时，计算机到底都干了些什么事情。

　　首先让我们来了解一些基本概念。第一个是大家非常熟悉的BIOS（基本输入输出系统），BIOS是直接与硬件打交道的底层代码，它为操作系统提供了控制硬件设备的基本功能。BIOS包括有系统BIOS（即常说的主板BIOS）、显卡BIOS和其它设备（例如IDE控制器、SCSI卡或网卡等）的BIOS，其中系统BIOS是本文要讨论的主角，因为计算机的启动过程正是在它的控制下进行的。BIOS一般被存放在ROM(只读存储芯片)之中，即使在关机或掉电以后，这些代码也不会消失。

　　第二个基本概念是内存的地址，我们的机器中一般安装有32MB、64MB或128MB内存，这些内存的每一个字节都被赋予了一个地址，以便CPU访问内存。32MB的地址范围用十六进制数表示就是0～1FFFFFFH，其中0～FFFFFH的低端1MB内存非常特殊，因为最初的8086处理器能够访问的内存最大只有1MB，这1MB的低端640KB被称为基本内存，而A0000H～BFFFFH要保留给显示卡的显存使用，C0000H～FFFFFH则被保留给BIOS使用，其中系统BIOS一般占用了最后的64KB或更多一点的空间，显卡BIOS一般在C0000H～C7FFFH处，IDE控制器的BIOS在C8000H～CBFFFH处。

　　第一步： 当我们按下电源开关时，电源就开始向主板和其它设备供电，此时电压还不太稳定，主板上的控制芯片组会向CPU发出并保持一个RESET（重置）信号，让CPU内部自动恢复到初始状态，但CPU在此刻不会马上执行指令。当芯片组检测到电源已经开始稳定供电了（当然从不稳定到稳定的过程只是一瞬间的事情），它便撤去RESET信号（如果是手工按下计算机面板上的Reset按钮来重启机器，那么松开该按钮时芯片组就会撤去RESET信号），CPU马上就从地址FFFF0H处开始执行指令，从前面的介绍可知，这个地址实际上在系统BIOS的地址范围内，无论是Award BIOS还是AMI BIOS，放在这里的只是一条跳转指令，跳到系统BIOS中真正的启动代码处。

　　第二步： 系统BIOS的启动代码首先要做的事情就是进行POST（Power－On Self Test，加电后自检），POST的主要任务是检测系统中一些关键设备是否存在和能否正常工作，例如内存和显卡等设备。由于POST是最早进行的检测过程，此时显卡还没有初始化，如果系统BIOS在进行POST的过程中发现了一些致命错误，例如没有找到内存或者内存有问题（此时只会检查640K常规内存），那么系统BIOS就会直接控制喇叭发声来报告错误，声音的长短和次数代表了错误的类型。在正常情况下，POST过程进行得非常快，我们几乎无法感觉到它的存在，POST结束之后就会调用其它代码来进行更完整的硬件检测。

　　第三步： 接下来系统BIOS将查找显卡的BIOS，前面说过，存放显卡BIOS的ROM芯片的起始地址通常设在C0000H处，系统BIOS在这个地方找到显卡BIOS之后就调用它的初始化代码，由显卡BIOS来初始化显卡，此时多数显卡都会在屏幕上显示出一些初始化信息，介绍生产厂商、图形芯片类型等内容，不过这个画面几乎是一闪而过。系统BIOS接着会查找其它设备的BIOS程序，找到之后同样要调用这些BIOS内部的初始化代码来初始化相关的设备。

　　第四步： 查找完所有其它设备的BIOS之后，系统BIOS将显示出它自己的启动画面，其中包括有系统BIOS的类型、序列号和版本号等内容。

　　第五步： 接着系统BIOS将检测和显示CPU的类型和工作频率，然后开始测试所有的RAM，并同时在屏幕上显示内存测试的进度，我们可以在CMOS设置中自行决定使用简单耗时少或者详细耗时多的测试方式。

// 在检查主板，跟随四年的电脑坏掉了。

--
"生活就是个缓慢受锤的过程，人一天天老下去，奢望也一天天消失，最后变得像挨了锤的牛一样。"

Production center for WLAN devices

Posted : December 12, 2006

Contact suppliers in this article

Production center for WLAN devices       The ZG-7600 is an 802.11g 54Mbps wireless AP from Z-Com. The model can operate as an AP client, repeater and point-to-point bridge. The Yangtze River Delta plays host to makers offering a growing range of WLAN products supporting 802.11g, pre-n and MIMO. The Yangtze River Delta, which encompasses the city of Shanghai, southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang, is one of the major WLAN production hubs in China. Suzhou, Nanjing, Hangzhou and Shanghai serve as important sourcing bases, led by about 10 WLAN product manufacturers. Most of the WLAN product manufacturers in the Delta are Taiwan-invested companies. They are large-volume manufacturers with strong R&D and manufacturing capabilities. They carry a growing range of WLAN products, the majority of which is for OEM and ODM business. The leading WLAN manufacturers in the Yangtze River Delta are Nanjing Z-Com Wireless Co. Ltd, Dwnet Technology (Suizhou) Co. Ltd and Huawei-3Com Technology Co. Ltd. Strong economic advantage Expanding product range Transitioning to 802.11n Focus on OEM and ODM production       Dwnet has released the IP806MM, a wireless broadband router with MIMO to support 108Mbps rate. It complies with 802.11g and 802.11b. Strong economic advantage The Yangtze River Delta's strategic location, and cultural and economic background have enabled it to experience fast growth, especially since the open trade reform policy was implemented in China. The Delta has been expanding its textile, mechanical and electronic product, steel and iron, and petrochemical manufacturing industries. Shanghai, which is the core of the Yangtze River Delta, plays a vital role in the regional and national economy because it serves as a center for economic, financial, trade, transportation and manpower. Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, located on each side of the Delta, are two of the important economic provinces in China. The local governments of these two provinces offer preferential land use and tax policies to attract foreign investments and to encourage an export-oriented economy. The growing number of Taiwan-invested companies setting up manufacturing in Suzhou has created a 'cluster effect', supporting the IT industry chain and making the city an important supply and manufacturing base for IT products. The Delta capitalizes on its high-tech hardware and software facilities. These are supported by logistics and transportation infrastructure. For many Taiwan and Hong Kong investors, the Delta's subtropical monsoon climate provides an additional attraction to invest in the region.       The X5368-P3 from Shanghai Zhanyao is a multimode ADSL and VoIP-based wireless IAD with a built-in Ethernet switch. Expanding product range Manufacturers of WLAN products based in the Yangtze River Delta produce access points (APs), routers, integrated access devices (IADs) and adapters. They also make embedded WLAN modules and wireless bridges. Most products comply with 802.11g or 802.11b/g standards, although 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11a/b/g standards are being adopted for a good number of devices. Makers also offer Super G and MIMO products. Leading makers produce at least several hundred thousand units of WLAN products every month. Most of these companies have strong in-house manufacturing capabilities, although some outsource a few of the production processes to other local professional EMS makers. Most makers have huge production capacities, and many are planning to increase production in the coming months. However, the uncertain status of the 802.11n standard has makers holding off production expansions in 2007. Nanjing-based Z-Com has been focusing on R&D on WLAN products and technologies, including 802.11a, b and g, since 1995. WLAN products account for about 80 percent of the output. The company is currently developing, manufacturing and marketing WLAN products for public, enterprise and SOHO users. It is likewise offering broadband wireless access (BWA) products and solutions. Z-Com's wireless products include bridges, APs for SOHO and enterprises, routers, adapters (PCMCIA, USB, CardBus, CompactFlash and PCI) and embedded modules. It also provides wireless video surveillance products. The company operates manufacturing facilities in Shanghai, Suzhou and Dongguan of Guangdong, with a total of 12 production lines. The yearly production capacity for WLAN products exceeds 10 million units. Z-Com's wireless products have passed the requirements of the Ministry of Information Industry (MII). In the domestic market, the company provides devices and services to China's telecom operators, including China Ji Tong, China Netcom, China Unicom and China Telecom. The company has also successfully penetrated the enterprise and SOHO markets. Dwnet, which is based in Suzhou, is a subsidiary company of Taiwan's leading wireless network and broadband devices supplier, SerComm Corp. It is one of the leading professional networking communication and WLAN manufacturers in China. Dwnet's WLAN products include routers, indoor and outdoor APs, IADs and adapters. Its product line now covers WLAN VoIP and DSL products, routers and enterprise-level firewalls, and network cameras and printer servers. Dwnet has a monthly capacity of 400,000 units across all product lines. Its 2006 production is estimated at 7.5 million units overall, of which 75 percent will be WLAN products. Established in 2001, Shanghai Zhanyao Network Technology Co. Ltd is a professional DSL supplier and an affiliate of the Taiwan-based company Xavi Technologies Corp. Its WLAN products include DSL IADs, APs and adapters. The company's factory in Wujiang, Jiangsu province has a monthly capacity of 400,000 DSL products, against a current monthly output of 300,000 units. As a minor product line, the WLAN output is smaller, and is handled on a per-order basis. Transitioning to 802.11n 802.11g dominates the standards space in the Yangtze River Delta, but makers have started releasing Super G and MIMO products to improve their products' WLAN transmission. Current products generally support WEP, WAP and WAP2 security. In the enterprise WLAN market, makers comply with 802.11i to respond to enterprises' concerns for security. Dwnet has released Super G and draft-n products. The company has launched WLAN routers and NICs that support 108Mbps data rate using MIMO technologies. Dwnet has more than 10 MIMO products, including MIMO routers; NICs, such as MiniPCI or CardBus; and IADs that integrate WLAN, router and ADSL modems. Some of these products are 802.11n draft-compliant with a theoretical maximum throughput of 300Mbps. Dwnet cooperates with leading chipset suppliers such as Broadcom, Airgo, Marvell and Atheros in its product development on MIMO products. Z-Com has released Super G products that support a data rate of up to 108Mbps. The company has been cooperating with Atheros to develop pre-n products. The company plans to release draft-n or 802.11n products in 2007. With WLAN switches becoming popular in the enterprise market, some companies have also started developing WLAN switch products. These WLAN switches work with lightweight APs to enable a centralized management of wireless network security, mobility, QoS and other features within the whole enterprise. Z-Com's WLAN switches are now being used in school and enterprise applications. Focus on OEM and ODM production Most WLAN makers in the Yangtze River Delta emphasize OEM and ODM. More than 90 percent of Z-Com's WLAN products, for example, target ODM clients, both domestic and overseas. The company pursues own-brand sales in the domestic market. More than 90 percent of Z-Com's output is shipped to Europe, the Americas and East Asia. Its products carry FCC, Industry Canada, CE, MKK (Japan), TELEC and DGT (Taiwan) certifications. Ninety percent of Dwnet's WLAN productions is for OEM and ODM business. Ninety percent to 95 percent of its WLAN output goes to Europe and the Americas. All of Shanghai Zhanyao's WLAN production goes to overseas OEM and ODM clients. The company cooperates with some European telecom operators to supply WLAN products to European buyers. Although most of the Taiwan-invested companies tend to source components from Taiwan suppliers, leading manufacturers are slowly starting to source components locally. Currently, Dwnet sources most of its components from East China, with only some key components such as WLAN chipsets sourced from foreign and Taiwan suppliers.

// http://www.telecom.globalsources.com/gsol/I/WLAN-antenna/a/9000000081794.htm

--
"生活就是个缓慢受锤的过程，人一天天老下去，奢望也一天天消失，最后变得像挨了锤的牛一样。"

Linux multimedia phone launches in China

Dec. 06, 2006

Taiwanese pop superstar Jay Chou launched Motorola's thin, Linux-powered Rokr E6 multimedia phone, at the ITU Telecom World tradeshow this week in Hong Kong. The fourth-generation music phone is just over half an inch thick (14mm), and features a 2-megapixel camera and business card reader.

The Rokr E6 was previously known as the E690, when it was announced in September. The device has been approved by the FCC for distribution in the U.S., but is unlikely to see distribution here for several reasons.

As a tri-band, (900/1800/1900 MHz) GSM/GPRS phone, only the E6's 1900MHz band would work here. And, its touchscreen dial-pad suggests the E6 was designed for the Chinese market, where technical flash is valued. In contrast, U.S. and European customers value the convenience of hardware phone buttons.

Motorola has indicated its intention to ship Linux phones in the U.S. and other high-volume markets outside of Asia. And, the thin, multimedia-enabled Rokr E6 shows a likely direction for forthcoming Linux-based phones, given its resemblance to the thin Razr models that have proven popular here.

Motorola CEO Ed Zander said, "The MOTOROKR E6 redefines users' experiences with traditional music and PDA devices."

Technical details about the E6, aka the E690, can be found in our earlier coverage, here.

At the ITU Telecom World tradeshow, Motorola also demonstrated its ultra low-cost Motofone, the first model in the SCPL ("scalpel") series, which will replace the popular RAZR series. It also demonstrated WiMAX networking, digital TV, and other technology.

Amusing Rokr E6 video

The following YouTube video appears to show Chinese pop superstar Jay Chou learning karate by watching videos on the Rokr E6, and then using his new skills (and a timely phone call) to defeat a martial arts opponent.

Motorola Rokr E6 promo
(Click to watch video)

// http://www.linuxdevices.com/news/NS5951198160.html

--
"生活就是个缓慢受锤的过程，人一天天老下去，奢望也一天天消失，最后变得像挨了锤的牛一样。"

Samba to go GPLv3

Dec. 06, 2006

The proposed GPL version 3 has suffered the slings and arrows of outraged Linux developers , and its anti-patent provisions give companies the twitches, but one prominent open-source project, the Samba Team, is ready to switch to the new license as soon as it's approved.

By and large, Samba programmers have long approved of the proposed version 3 of the GNU GPL (General Public License). Indeed, well-known Samba Team member Jeremy Allison said, "I helped out in a small way in the very early drafting of the anti-DRM (Digital Rights Management) provisions."

It was at a GPLv3 symposium held at the University of New South Wales in Australia, though, that Samba founder, Andrew 'Tridge' Tridgell indicated that Samba would be switching to the new open-source license when it was released.

Allison confirmed that this was indeed Samba's plan, stating that "Yes, we're definitely going GPLv3 -- we've always said so. We're big supporters of the GPLv3 ideals."

This issue was recently highlighted by Samba when it objected to Novell's recent patent deal with Microsoft. Even Richard M. Stallman, author of the GPL, however, admits that the Novell/Microsoft patent agreement bends, but doesn't break either GPLv2 or the current draft of GPLv3.

That will not be the case, however, with the next draft of the GPLv3, which will block the kind of language used in the Novell/Microsoft agreement. Stallman explained, "We're going to say not just that if you receive the patent license, but if you have arranged any sort of patent licensing that is prejudicial among the downstream recipients, that that's not allowed. ... You have to make sure that the downstream recipients fully get the freedoms that they're supposed to have."

According to the GPL's maintainer, the FSF (Free Software Foundation), the Samba Team is the first major open-source group to commit to the GPLv3.

Simon Phipps, Sun's Chief Open-Source Officer, said that Sun might well support GPLv3 in the future. Writing in his blog, Phipps said, "The reason we did not choose to use the GPL v3 for the Java platform yet is because the GPL v3 is not ready to be used."

"However," Phipps continued, "as things stand I would be very surprised if the final GPL v3 was not an effective tool for some of the communities Sun sustains or will initiate in the future."

The final draft of the GPLv3 is expected to arrive in the beginning of January. If all goes well, it will be released on March 15, 2007.


-- Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols

// http://www.linux-watch.com/news/NS7188736246.html

--
"生活就是个缓慢受锤的过程，人一天天老下去，奢望也一天天消失，最后变得像挨了锤的牛一样。"

哪个地方拆迁不死人”让人不寒而栗

2006-11-30

盛大林

山东省菏泽市香格里拉商品房开发项目因房屋补偿价格过低，遭到被拆迁居民的抵制，菏泽房管局涉嫌违法行政、粗暴拆迁。被拆迁户李民生因遭强拆在家上吊自 杀。听到死讯后，拆迁指挥部的一个领导竟当众说道："哪个地方拆迁不死几个人啊？气死的、吓死的、逼死的……"（《记者观察》11月28日）     我不由得倒吸了一口凉气。据我了解，因为强制拆迁确实死过不少人，但肯定没有达到"每拆必死"的程度。让我不寒而栗的是这个领导的态度。      "哪个地方拆迁不死几个人啊？"——言下之意，拆迁死人完全是正常的，根本算不了什么。也就是说，他们压根就没有打算把被拆迁对象都妥善安置好，而是做好 了死几个人的准备，以至于已经死了一个人后他们仍然不以为然，好像还没有达到他们预期的标准，因为才死一个而不是几个嘛。     "气死的、吓死的、逼死的"——原来，他们连拆迁户将会怎么死掉都了如指掌。不，应该说他们连怎么让拆迁户死的方法都想好了。明明是商业开发项目，他们开始却说是建广场，并以公益的名义强行征地，被拆迁户能不"气"吗？      为了这个项目，区委区政府成立了一个五六十人的拆迁指挥部，区委书记任政委，区长任指挥长，公检法等各部门头头任副政委、副指挥长。一个临时性的机构，竟 然还设"政委"，真是闻所未闻。看来，区委区政府从一开始就把此次拆迁当成了一次"战役"来打。这阵势，能不"吓"人吗？事实上，指挥部确实像是在"打 仗"。停水断电不在话下，砸窗户、掀房顶、挖墙脚，无所不用其极……双方力量相差太悬殊了，这仗当然没法打，结果呢？     终于有人被逼死了。可他的死，并没有阻止拆迁办的铁蹄，甚至连一丝同情都没有换来。他就像一根草芥一样，无声无息地消失了。李民生的父母当初给他起这个名字时，可能就是希望他能够好好地"民生"。可是，他们的这个愿望彻底地落空了。

// http://zqb.cyol.com/content/2006-11/30/content_1592716.htm
// 说了句真话。

--
"那一天我二十一岁，在我一生的黄金时代。我有好多奢望。我想爱，想吃，还想在一瞬间变成天上半明半暗的云。后来我才知道，生活就是个缓慢受锤的过程，人一天天老下去，奢望也一天天消失，最后变得像挨了锤的牛一样。可是我过二十一岁生日时没有预见到这一点。我觉得自己会永远生猛下去，什么也锤不了我。"